WTO Dispute Settlement Mechanism
------An Analysis of the DSU in Positivism
by
Chengwei, Liu
Foreword
This book is a systematically selected compilation of Reports issued by various panels and the standing Appellate Body, then adopted by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction by the end of May 2002, in category of subjects such as causes of action, initiation of panel proceedings, function of panels, rules of evidence and special rules governing anti-dumping disputes, etc., which are in most cases ruled as “preliminary issues” or “procedural objections”. However, this book is not intended to be exhaustive. It deals only with issues in dispute settlement proceedings under the WTO jurisprudence that the author considers the more important, where such rules are mainly concerned as Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994; Arts. 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 11, 13, 21.5, 23, 26 of the DSU; Arts. 17.4, 17.5, 17.6 of the AD Agreement and Arts. 31, 32 of the Vienna Convention and so on.
Moreover, this book is intended to be descriptive and positive rather than prescriptive and theoretical. Most of the author’s analysis benefits much from the precise and logically organized reports by panels and the Appellate Body, administered by the DSB under the WTO jurisdiction. It must be made clear that these reports do not constitute binding “subsequent practice” referred to in Article 31 of the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties, nor do they operate as stare decisis, panels and the Appellate Body are therefore not bound by past reports. Nevertheless, it does be the case demonstrated by the DSB practice that, relevant reasoning in a particular case has been cited or followed frequently by another panel or confirmed by the Appellate Body in subsequent cases.
As ruled by the Appellate Body in Japan-Taxes on Alcoholic Beverages (DS44), “[a]dopted panel reports are an important part of the GATT acquis. They are often considered by subsequent panels. They create legitimate expectations among WTO Members, and, therefore, should be taken into account where they are relevant to any dispute”. Furthermore, a panel could nevertheless find useful guidance in the reasoning of an unadopted panel report when it considers relevant. More importantly, as stated in the letter with which the Appellate Body conveyed in the February of 1996 its Working Procedures for Appellate Review to the DSB for information, “… it is also important to ensure consistency and coherence in our decision-making, which is to the advantage of every WTO Member and the overall multilateral trading system we all share”.
There is no doubt that, in line with the pragmatic evolution of the GATT dispute settlement system, the progressive clarification of a number of issues that are not precisely regulated in the DSU and the further development of the WTO dispute settlement procedures, will gradually evolve after having been tested and progressively clarified and improved in concrete dispute settlement cases.
Considering all of this, the author complete this book with serious-minded exploring examination and great diligence, bearing in mind that it is therefore practical and of great significance for WTO Members to be informed of the valuable rulings in those reports issued by panels and the Appellate Body in particular cases.
List of Abbreviations
ATC Agreement on Textile and Clothing
BISD Basic Instruments and Selected Documents (published by GATT)
DSU Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing
the Settlement of Disputes
DSB Dispute Settlement Body
EC The European Communities
GATS General Agreement on Trade in Services
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
IMF International Monetary Fund
PGE Permanent Group of Experts (in the SCM Agreement)
SCM Subsidies and Countervailing Measures
SG Agreement on Safeguards
SPS Sanitary and Phytosanitary Measures
TBT Technical Barriers to Trade
TMB Textiles Monitoring Body
TRIMS Trade-related Investment Measures
TRIPS Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights
TSB Textiles Surveillance Body
WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization
WTO World Trade Organization
Table of Contents
Chapter I Trend towards “Judicialization”:
A Rule-oriented Dispute Settlement System
Chapter II Causes of Action before the DSB:
Art. XXIII of the GATT 1994
Section One Right to Pursue a Proceeding under the WTO
I The Concept of Nullification or Impairment
II The Standing Issue before the DSB
铜陵市节能奖励办法
安徽省铜陵市人民政府
铜陵市节能奖励办法
铜政〔2009〕25号
县、区人民政府，市政府各部门，各企事业单位：
《铜陵市节能奖励办法》业经2009年2月16日市政府第25次常务会议通过，现印发给你们，请认真遵照执行。
铜陵市人民政府
二○○九年四月十日
铜陵市节能奖励办法
第一章 总 则
第一条 为贯彻落实科学发展观，充分调动全社会节能降耗工作的积极性和创造性，促进全市节能工作目标的实现。根据《中华人民共和国节约能源法》、《安徽省节能奖励办法》等相关规定，制定本办法。
第二条 节能奖励的推荐、评审工作坚持科学、客观、公开、公正、公平、择优的原则。
第二章 奖项及范围
第三条 市政府每年开展一次节能奖励表彰活动。
第四条 市政府设立下列节能奖项：
（一）节能目标超额完成奖；
（二）节能目标完成奖；
（三）节能先进企业奖；
（四）节能先进个人奖。
第五条 节能奖励的对象是完成和超额完成与市政府签订的节能目标任务的县、区政府、开发区管委会，市政府部门和设计企业、建筑施工企业、重点节能企业和在节能工作中作出突出贡献和取得重大节能效益的个人。
第六条 节能奖励资金从市财政安排的节能降耗专项资金中列支。
第三章 评选与奖励
第七条 对与市政府签订节能目标责任书且年度考核得分在95分以上的县、区政府、开发区管委会和市政府部门，市政府予以通报表彰，颁发年度节能目标超额完成奖奖牌，并给予县、区、开发区和市政府部门一次性资金奖励。
第八条 对与市政府签订节能目标责任书且年度考核得分在80—95分的县、区政府、开发区管委会和市政府部门，市政府予以通报表彰，颁发年度节能目标完成奖奖牌，并给予县、区、开发区和市政府部门一次性资金奖励。
第九条 对与市政府签订节能目标责任书且年度考核结果为完成等级以上的企业，市政府予以通报表彰，颁发年度铜陵市节能先进企业奖牌，并给予企业一次性资金奖励。
第十条 对在节能工作中做出突出贡献和取得重大节能效益的个人，市政府予以通报表彰，颁发年度铜陵市节能先进个人荣誉证书，并给予一次性资金奖励。
第十一条 每年度全市表彰节能先进个人30名，其中，企业人员不少于50%，但企业法定代表人不得超过企业奖励人员名额的20%；非企业名额中，主要是副县以下节能管理工作人员。
第十二条 县、区、开发区，市属企业先进个人名额，综合考虑其地区生产总值占全市生产总值的比重、节能目标责任评价考核结果等因素确定，对超额完成或未完成的，酌增或酌减名额；市直部门先进个人名额，综合考虑部门研究解决节能降耗重点问题、节能工作措施、推动“十大节能工程”实施的作用发挥、目标考核结果等因素确定；社会节能人士先进个人名额，综合考虑其对社会节能贡献等因素确定。
第十三条 节能先进个人应认真贯彻执行节能法律法规，热爱节能工作，有较强的事业心和责任感，并在以下节能工作中取得显著成效：
（一）在节能管理方面，对推动节能降耗工作有直接成效，所在单位和部门超额完成市、县、区政府责任书规定的节能任务和节能指标；
（二）主要承担重点节能技术改造项目的负责人，项目运行实现节能目标，且节能量占企业当年节能量的20%以上；
（三）在节能新技术、新产品研究开发过程中，承担主要研发工作或作为项目研发负责人，成果已被采用并产生节能效益；
（四）在推广应用节能技术成果中，创造性开展工作，使节能新技术和新产品在本企业、行业、区域中的普及率明显提高；
（五）在工程设计、项目管理等工作中，严格执行国家政策和设计规范，提供有针对性、节能效果明显的设计方案等，使能源消耗量减少30%以上；
（六）在岗位节能方面，积极学习、钻研节能技术，探索节能办法，创造性地使用节能技术，在本职岗位取得年节能10%以上的经济效益。
第四章 组织实施
第十四条 市工业和信息化主管部门根据上年度节能目标任务完成情况，提出对县、区、开发区、市有关部门、市属重点节能企业上年度节能奖励建议方案，报市政府决定后实施。
第十五条 县、区政府、开发区、市有关部门负责对节能先进个人推荐材料进行初审，市工业和信息化主管部门会同市人力资源和社会保障主管部门进行复核并公示后，提出对上年度先进个人奖励建议方案。
第十六条 年度节能奖励建议方案经市节能降耗工作领导小组会议审核，并报市政府审定后，由市政府对节能先进单位和先进个人予以表彰奖励。
第五章 法律责任
第十七条 对弄虚作假或者采取不正当手段取得奖励的单位或者个人，撤销奖励，追缴奖牌、证书和奖金，并由市工业和信息化主管部门给予通报批评，取消5年内评优及奖励资格，对负有直接责任的主管人员和负责人员，依法给予行政处分。
第十八条 参与节能奖励组织实施工作的单位和人员，在工作中弄虚作假、徇私舞弊的，给予行政处分，构成犯罪的移送司法机关追究刑事责任。
第六章 附 则
第十九条 本办法自2009年5月1日起施行，有效期5年。
